📝 Selected Publications

2026

OCC-Mamba: A Mamba-based deep learning approach for indoor occupancy prediction

OCC-Mamba: A Mamba-based deep learning approach for indoor occupancy prediction

Irfan Qaisar, Kailai Sun, Dianyu Zhong, Xu Yang, Xi Miao, Qianchuan Zhao
Building and Environment, Volume 289, 2026, Article 114085

OCC-Mamba develops a state-space deep learning framework for indoor occupancy prediction and evaluates its generalization across heterogeneous real-world datasets.

Code


Experimental study on surveillance video-based indoor occupancy measurement for occupant-centric control

Experimental study on surveillance video-based indoor occupancy measurement for occupant-centric control

Irfan Qaisar, Kailai Sun, Qingshan Jia, Qianchuan Zhao
Building and Environment, Volume 305, 2026, Article 115200

This study compares detection-, tracking-, and reasoning-enhanced video pipelines for occupancy measurement and evaluates their implications for occupant-centric HVAC control.


Exploring large language models for indoor occupancy measurement in smart office buildings

Exploring large language models for indoor occupancy measurement in smart office buildings

Irfan Qaisar, Kailai Sun, Qianchuan Zhao
Building and Environment, Volume 287, 2026, Article 113860

This work investigates few-shot learning, in-context learning, and reasoning with large language models for occupancy detection and estimation using real-world building datasets.

Code


2025

An experimental comparative study of energy saving based on occupancy-centric control in smart buildings

An experimental comparative study of energy saving based on occupancy-centric control in smart buildings

Irfan Qaisar, Wei Liang, Kailai Sun, Tian Xing, Qianchuan Zhao
Building and Environment, Volume 268, 2025, Article 112322

This study evaluates occupancy-centric HVAC control using real-world occupancy data and EnergyPlus/OpenStudio simulations across multiple control intervals.

Dataset and Code


Dynamic Occupancy Measurement for Smart Buildings: A Few-shot Large Language Model Approach

Dynamic Occupancy Measurement for Smart Buildings: A Few-shot Large Language Model Approach

Irfan Qaisar, Kailai Sun, Qianchuan Zhao
2025 IEEE 21st International Conference on Automation Science and Engineering (CASE)
Los Angeles, USA, 2025

This work explores few-shot and in-context learning with large language models for occupancy detection and estimation in smart buildings.


2023

Building occupancy number prediction: A Transformer approach

Building occupancy number prediction: A Transformer approach

Kailai Sun, Irfan Qaisar, Muhammad Arslan Khan, Tian Xing, Qianchuan Zhao
Building and Environment, Volume 244, 2023, Article 110807

This study develops a Transformer-based model for multi-zone occupancy-number prediction using real-world multi-sensor building data.


Multi-Sensor-Based Occupancy Prediction in a Multi-Zone Office Building with Transformer

Multi-Sensor-Based Occupancy Prediction in a Multi-Zone Office Building with Transformer

Irfan Qaisar, Kailai Sun, Qianchuan Zhao, Tian Xing, Hu Yan
Buildings, Volume 13, Issue 8, 2023, Article 2002

This study proposes a Transformer-based occupancy prediction network using occupancy history, indoor environmental measurements, and HVAC operational information.


2022

Energy baseline prediction for buildings: A review

Energy baseline prediction for buildings: A review

Irfan Qaisar, Qianchuan Zhao
Results in Control and Optimization, Volume 7, 2022, Article 100129

This review summarizes physical, data-driven, and hybrid approaches for building energy baseline prediction and energy-performance evaluation.


Manuscripts Under Review

Hierarchical Control Framework Integrating Large Language Models with Reinforcement Learning for Decarbonized HVAC Operation

Dianyu Zhong, Tian Xing, Kailai Sun, Xu Yang, Heye Huang, Irfan Qaisar, Tinggang Jia, Shaobo Wang, Qianchuan Zhao
Under Review

This work investigates LLM-guided action-space reduction combined with reinforcement learning for multi-zone HVAC control.


Closed-Loop Agentic LLMs for Occupant-Centric HVAC Supervisory Control in Smart Buildings

Irfan Qaisar, Kailai Sun, Qianchuan Zhao
Under Review

This study develops an evaluator-guided agentic LLM framework for closed-loop occupant-centric HVAC supervisory control.


Multi-Agent LLM-Guided Occupant-Centric HVAC Control

Under double-blind review

This work investigates multi-agent LLM guidance combined with constrained model predictive control for occupant-centric HVAC operation.

The full title, authorship, and venue are omitted while the anonymous review process is active.


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